研究与开发杂志
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国际标准期刊号: 2311-3278
国际标准期刊号: 2311-3278
JM贝莱斯
这项工作重点关注纳米技术在纳米医学（主要是心血管药理学学科）中的潜力，包括包含纳米颗粒的纳米器件（智能药物）的设计、制造、开发和应用的突出合理方法，纳米颗粒作为纳米载体来控制和指导特定位点使用人工受体和独特的纳米颗粒系统将智能药物靶向输送到人体，用于诊断、筛查、医学成像、预防和纠正给药途径后的心血管病理治疗。我们的目的是为纳米医学提供最有效的发展途径，将生物分子和细胞技术、工具和方法与纳米技术知识库相融合，因为它具体涉及纳米粒子的开发，以实现和改善治疗剂的靶向递送；开发新颖且更有效的诊断和筛查技术，以扩展分子诊断的局限性，提供即时诊断和更加个性化的医疗。
尽管该领域的医学取得了巨大的发展，但心血管疾病（CVD）（包括多种血管和心脏疾病，以及中风）仍然是美国死亡的主要原因。根据NIH和美国心脏协会的统计，美国有近8000万人患有CVD，超过35%的美国人死亡归因于CVD。影响 CVD 的剩余颠覆性科学大约在十多年前出现，当时 Palmaz & Schatz 推出了冠状动脉支架 — FDA 于 1994 年授权。从那时起，科学药物就依赖于新的重磅炸弹疗法（他汀类药物、β 受体阻滞剂和利尿剂）和手术过程的改进，例如经皮冠状动脉成形术（PTCA），冠状动脉省略移植物 (CABG) 和支架置入术治疗 CVD；然而，现代 CVD 早期检测和优质治疗方案的技术有限，其预防疾病的效率也值得怀疑。
根据定义，纳米技术包括以下相互关联的组成部分：完整装置或其典型组件的纳米级尺寸、人造性质以及由于其纳米级尺寸而出现的新织物的独特特性。事实上，纳米技术代表了一门融合学科，其中隔离化学、生物学、物理、数学和工程学等许多查找领域的界限最终变得模糊。心血管纳米医学可能面临并解决当前CVD的挑战，并通过推进离体和体内生物标志物检测和成像，以及通过定向/改进的药物输送和组织再生来改善检测和治疗。
In this review we will summarize and talk about recent traits in the subject of nanotechnology for the detection and remedy of CVD, focusing on nanoparticles, specifically designed therapeutic and tissue regeneration devices, and in vivo/ex vivo early detection techniques.
Nanomedicine is a rising area of medicinal drug which utilizes nanotechnology standards for advanced remedy and diagnostics. This convergent discipline, which merges lookup areas such as chemistry, biology, physics, arithmetic and engineering accordingly bridging the hole between molecular and cellular interactions, has a viable to revolutionize modern medical practice. This evaluation presents latest developments in nanomedicine research, which are poised to have a necessary influence on cardiovascular disease and treatment through improving therapy and prognosis of such cardiovascular issues as atherosclerosis, restenosis and myocardial infarction. Specifically, we discuss the use of nanoparticles for molecular imaging and advanced therapeutics, particularly designed drug eluting stents and in vivo/ex vivo early detection techniques.
A range of nanoparticle-based drug transport systems have been and are being developed for functions in cancer, CVD and different conditions. These have different elements and multiple-functionalities, exhibiting variations in (i) sizes, ranging from few tens of nanometers (as for dendrimers, gold and iron-oxide nanoparticles) to few lots of nanometers (as for polymeric and lipid-based particles) to micron-sized particles; (ii) shapes, from the classical spherical particles to discoidal, hemispherical, cylindrical and conical; (iii) surface functionalizations, with a vast range of electrostatic fees and bio-molecule conjugations.
Use of nanocarriers for these prerequisites allows for local or directed delivery, extended effect of the drug, facilitated delivery into the goal cells, discount of the shear effects of the blood flow. In the direction of development, atherosclerotic plaque and neointima display a variety of stage-specific molecules which can be used as focused on moieties in CVD (αvβ3-integrin, VCAM-1, YIGSR, etc.).
Along with the improvement and adoption of novel techniques for therapy and prevention of CVD, efforts are being spent to observe nanotechnologies for ex-vivo and in-vivo detection of CVD signals. The potential to screen for precursor indicators of CVD could doubtlessly limit the large variety of fatalities associated with the diseases. For example, monitoring thrombotic or hemorrhagic events ought to facilitate the prognosis and remedy of stroke and embolisms. Moreover, the dimension of versions in the blood pressure, flow, and biomolecule or ion awareness can furnish insight for the perception of cardiovascular events.
In the developed countries, CVD signify a good sized burden on the healthcare machine and economy, being the main cause of death and morbidity. Rapid evolution of fields such as genetics, proteomics, molecular and mobile biology, material science and bioengineering, make nanotechnology, which bridges the hole between interactions on the molecular and microsopic levels, one of the most important potential players in the development of CVD treatment and detection. Though nonetheless in very early developmental (“embryonic”) stages, cardiovascular nanomedicine is possibly to meet the excessive demand for the step forward innovation in the CVD therapy and diagnosis, taking an gain of the nanotechnological solutions developed for different clinical applications, broadly speaking oncology, the place therapeutic nanocarriers presently occupy a tremendous therapeutic niche. Different from the conventional molecular therapeutics, nanomedicine permits layout of multicomponent, multitasking, multimodular agents which can concurrently and precisely realize and deal with the disease. Another nanomedical answer for CVD could be projected for inclined plaque, where “click-chemistry” or surprisingly controlled crosslinking techniques that can target and “secure” the plaque prior to subsequent AMI barring risk of occluding the vessel can be utilized. In summary, here we gave a quick overview on the contemporary trends in cardiovascular nanomedicine with a extremely good manageable impact; however, we accept as true with that these light comparing to the future possibilities for application of nanotechnology for remedy and analysis of CVD