药物保健与健康系统杂志
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国际标准期刊号: 2376-0419
国际标准期刊号: 2376-0419
特斯法耶·泽里洪先生
利什曼病是由利什曼原虫属原生动物寄生虫引起的一组疾病。受感染的白蛉（人类病原体白蛉属）的叮咬会传播这些疾病。其特点是具有一系列临床表现：皮肤利什曼病、皮肤粘膜利什曼病和内脏利什曼病。它们分布在世界各地，而且数量似乎要多得多，并且是一个公共卫生问题。利什曼病的总体患病率为 1200 万例，据报告大约有 50 万例内脏利什曼病 (VL) 和 150 万例皮肤利什曼病 (CL)[4]。因此，世界卫生组织将利什曼病列为继疟疾和昏睡病之后第三大重要的媒介传播疾病。东非是世界上主要利什曼原虫流行区之一，该病主要发生在厄立特里亚、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、索马里、苏丹和乌干达。埃塞俄比亚的利什曼病主要是由杜氏利什曼原虫（L. donovani）引起的 VL。在少数情况下，热带利什曼原虫和硕大利什曼原虫 (L. Major) 可引起 CL。受影响最严重的年龄组是 11 岁至 20 岁。VL于1942年左右在埃塞俄比亚发现，此后它被认为是该国大多数低地和干旱地区的地方病，例如裂谷南部的Segen、Weyto和Omo山谷，西南部的Ocholo和梅特玛，胡梅拉低地西北部。雌性白蛉需要血粉来为卵的发育提供除植物物质（花蜜）之外的营养。为了满足自己的需要，它们会在黑暗时期咬食包括人类在内的哺乳动物。几乎完全是，
The number of treatment options has increased in the past decade. Some of the drugs used for the treatment are pentavalent antimonials such as sodium stibogluconate (SSG), amphotericin B, paromomycin (PM), miltefosine (MLT) and meglumine antimoniate (glucantime). But each treatment still has many drawbacks. Mostly they are difficult and lengthy to administer, toxic, expensive, and resistance is a major problem. Due to these, the patients should be treated by admitting in the hospital. Currently due to these problems, researches were carried out to investigate historically claimed plants for their in vitro anti-leishmanial activity against Leishmania parasites.
Aloaceae is a succulent perennial varying from small herbs to large woody trees. The family of Aloaceae, in general, have 7 genera and 650 species mostly resited to Southern Africa with only exceeding into tropical Africa and Arabia. Aloe otallensis (A. otallensis) is one of the Ethiopian endogenous plant forming small clamps. Their leaves are a rosette, erect and slightly recovered. They have grey-green color and they are sometimes very finely spotted. The marginal teeth are 8–14 per 10 cm with reddish brown color.
The species in the genus Aloe contain different classes of secondary metabolites which are made from their extraction using different solvents. For instance, water extraction of Aloe vera (A. vera) has been screened for tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, flavonoids, alkaloids and phenols. The results are all positive. Methanol extraction of A. vera shows that tannins, flavones, alkaloids and quinones are positive.
Methods:
Plant materials: The exudates of Aloe otallensis were collected in Hammer district of Southern Ethiopia. Authentication and botanical identification were done using standard identification keys by Herbarium Unit, Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University. After that, the exudate of the leaves was taken and dried at room temperature for extraction.
Extraction: Ten grams powdered exudate of the plant was macerated by using 80% methanol for 6 h with a continuous shaking of the mixture using a shaker machine. The existed supernatant solution.
Phytochemical screening was done by using the method mentioned by Evans and Trease on methanolic extract of the exudates of Aloe otallensis leaves. The extract was also evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial activity against L. donavani which is found from the Parasitology Unit of Black Lion Hospital. The result was compared to standard drugs of sodium stibogluconate, milfostin and paramomycin.
Results:
From qualitative and preliminary phytochemical screening of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols and anthraquinones, positive results were seen only on phenols, alkaloids and saponins. The extract has a good antileishmanial activity with an IC50 of 0.123 0 μg/mL on L. donovani (AM 563). The experimental data showed that relatively it had better activity than paramomycin and milfostin but less activity than sodium stibogluconate. The data analyses were done by GraphPad Prism version 5 software after it was read by ELISA reader at the wave length of 650 nm. The phytochemical screening of the exudates of A. otallensis showed the presence of phenol, alkaloid and saponin.
Conclusions: The methanol extract of the exudates of A.otallensis has a good anti- leishmaniasis activity and this may be attributed to phenol, alkaloid and saponin present in the plant. But it needs further analysis for the conformation of which constituent presents in high concentration to know which one has the strongest effect. The results of this study reveal an antileishmanial activity against L. donovani by exudates of A. otallensis and suggest that these methanolic extracts have the potential to be used as antileishmanial drugs against the promastigote forms of L. donovani. But it needs further analysis for the conformation of which constituent presents in high concentration and to know which one has the highest effect of this active plant extract. This would help us in obtaining a novel drug that could potentially be less toxic and more cost-effective against the Leishmania parasites.