人类学
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国际标准期刊号: 2332-0915
国际标准期刊号: 2332-0915
伊莉莎维塔·图曼塞娃
介绍了片状侵蚀和沟壑侵蚀的区域功能。俄罗斯亚洲部分地区的土壤退化程度是在土壤和沟壑侵蚀长期研究推广的前提下确定的。土壤退化发生在农业耕地所在的南方半干旱半湿润地区。它们（土地）占地 2400 万公顷。其中900万公顷土壤裸露，沟壑不同程度侵蚀。我们 决定 从西到东区分退化程序机制。在西西伯利亚地区，融水侵蚀占主导地位。在中西伯利亚，土壤侵蚀是由于融水和暴雨径流造成的，在东西伯利亚境内？？？观测到暴雨放电。山间盆地发现山地农田；注意到机制和土地退化费用调整的同心分区。在山前平原上，盆地的重要部分主要受风沙作用——席状和沟壑侵蚀。现代占地1500万公顷 可能是侵蚀。主要完全基于18 个流域的排水和泥沙负荷统计数据，分析了磨损过程的长期动态。1990年以来，贝加尔湖流域内水土流失的急剧减少，与货币保息有关。水土流失的预测估计，侵蚀过程的定量经验模型的使用变成了 制成。我们绘制了磨损地图——对农田来说存在风险。西伯利亚南部土地分区的侵蚀威胁已经发生。西伯利亚半干旱地区的六类荒漠化可能性，因水土流失而转变为决定性的。阿尔泰版本的土壤安全免受融雪侵蚀、哈卡斯版本的土壤安全免受通货紧缩以及贝加尔湖版本的土壤安全免受侵蚀和通货紧缩影响 已被提出。他们为当地最合理的农业用地耕种情况提供 最合理的建议，提供可持续的绿色农业和水土保持。近期出版物 1. Bazhenova O 和 Tyumentseva E (2015) 西伯利亚南部山间洼地半干旱景观中的当代风沙形态发生。系列。134:50-58。2. Bazhenova OI (2009)贝加尔湖流域盆地内农业用地保护的生态地貌结果，地理。纳特。资源。3：253-257。3. Bazhenova OI、Tyumentseva EM 和 Tukhta SA (2016) 极限赛段 安加拉顶部地区的剥蚀和地貌保护的麻烦。地理。纳特。资源。37（3）：246-256。4. Tyumentseva EM, Orel GF (2018)南贝加尔盆地内的大气过程及其在补救形成中的位置。气氛。九（5）：176-194。
The first step to beginning up Siberia for Russian agreement and colonization got here as early as 1558, while the rich landowner Grigory Dmitriyevich Stroganov obtained a constitution from tsar Ivan the Terrible that gave him the proper to colonize the "empty lands" past the Urals (that had been already inhabited through the local tribes of Siberia). He changed into given the proper to herald settlers to those regions and plough their lands. This colonization thru land expropriation occurred in large part in slow west-to-east steps, aided through the numerous rivers and river valleys that glide thru Siberia. Russian settlers commenced withinside the westernmost valleys of the Tura River, Tobol River, Irtysh River, and Ob River, and marched onwards to the Ket River, Yenisei River, Angara River, Ilim River, Lena River, Shilka River, Argun River, and Amur River.[10] Beginning withinside the 1620s, the location round Yeniseysk in Central Siberia changed into brought to cultivation, as had been the lands adjoining to Krasnoyarsk withinside the 1630s. The soil of the latter location changed into extra appealing to settlers due to it changed into product of rich, black-earth (chernozem), an awful lot extra conducive to farming than the opposite negative Siberian soil types. A few a long time later, the Upper Lena and Upper Angara River Basins have become the webweb page for agriculture, specifically Rye, Oats, and barley. These regions had been extra far off and did now no longer have the fertile earth that Krasnoyarsk laid declare to, however meals manufacturing changed into crucially wanted as increasingly settlers commenced to circulate Siberia.
By the overdue 1600s, Russian settlers commenced making the lengthy trek to Siberia in extra numbers so that you can discover new possibilities and lands to declare, farfar from the densely populated tracts of European Russia. In reality, a few peasants selected to transport farfar from their western houses due to negative soil situations of their local areas, hoping to relax on a number of the chernozem soil that Siberia needed to offer. Families additionally had the risk to enhance their status in society and get away poverty through taking benefit of the extra lenient taxing device the Tsar presented in Siberia; for every acre of land that a own circle of relatives tilled for the tsar, they had been given permission to plough 5 acres of presidency land for his or her personal benefit. In addition to this, early settlers loved a 10-12 months tax exemption, an incentive for households emigrate eastward.
这些定居者添加了 许多传统的俄罗斯植被。这些植物中最重要 的 是黑麦，但他们还添加了其他谷物，包括大麦、小麦、荞麦和小米，以及豌豆、卷心菜、芜菁、胡萝卜、洋葱和大蒜等绿色蔬菜。就像吉尔吉斯汗国的原住民一样，俄罗斯的农作物种植都是通过犁来完成的。这
西伯利亚的天气不利于农业，但西伯利亚在这段时间里实际上慢慢地变得自力更生。西伯利亚办事处因此逐渐能够减少从俄罗斯欧洲部分进口到西伯利亚的食品数量。这对俄罗斯帝国政府来说是极好的信息，因为运输谷物等主食的费用 遥远的距离变得昂贵 且缓慢。
随着俄罗斯协议 的浪潮不断向东蔓延，农业成就 变得 越来越没有保障。到了 1730 年代，这场东西向的冒险最终到达了堪察加半岛。正如之前的定居者在西部完成的那样，他们的目标是 发展农业，但这个半岛的天气非常恶劣，这些目标并没有成功。然而，有 在西伯利亚的日本地区，如伊尔库茨克，已经成为乌拉尔以东最 有影响力的城镇之一。与东西伯利亚其他城镇相比，伊尔库茨克居民从未经历过饥饿的持续时间，现在不再需要依赖从西部运来的粮食来生存。
这项工作的部分成果将在2018 年 10 月 22-23 日举行的第二届土壤与水科学年会上发表 | 柏林，德国