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母亲和父亲的声音和触摸在改善新生儿出生过渡中的作用

大卫·JR·哈钦

抽象的

 

出生时从胎盘呼吸到肺呼吸的转变是循环和肺功能中最根本的变化之一，如果婴儿要完好无损地生存，这种变化必须在出生后几分钟内发生。这是母亲第一次看到、触摸和直接与新生儿说话的时刻。新生儿可以识别母亲（和父亲）的声音，这些声音具有立即的镇静作用。事实证明，新生婴儿在几个月前在子宫内听到过母亲的声音，就能识别出母亲的声音。即使在出生之前，胎儿的颞叶皮层就可以明显地处理母亲的声音。出生后，母亲的声音可以迅速安抚哭泣的婴儿，这并不奇怪。如果胎儿在怀孕期间暴露得足够充分，也可以识别出父亲的声音。通过发声和触摸建立的情感亲密感对于未来的亲子关系非常重要，并且可能对新生儿的康复产生有益的影响。没有什么比母亲的声音更让人安心的了。当新生儿出生窒息时，通气是首要任务。这是在远离母亲的地方进行的，但与传统的房间侧复苏相反，母亲侧复苏允许母亲与新生婴儿交谈并触摸她的新生儿并帮助康复。现在可以使用允许这种方法的设备。母亲生下新生儿时，胎盘循环可以保持完整。通过发声和触摸建立的情感亲密感对于未来的亲子关系非常重要，并且可能对新生儿的康复产生有益的影响。没有什么比母亲的声音更让人安心的了。当新生儿出生窒息时，通气是首要任务。这是在远离母亲的地方进行的，但与传统的房间侧复苏相反，母亲侧复苏允许母亲与新生婴儿交谈并触摸她的新生儿并帮助康复。现在可以使用允许这种方法的设备。母亲生下新生儿时，胎盘循环可以保持完整。通过发声和触摸建立的情感亲密感对于未来的亲子关系非常重要，并且可能对新生儿的康复产生有益的影响。没有什么比母亲的声音更让人安心的了。当新生儿出生窒息时，通气是首要任务。这是在远离母亲的地方进行的，但与传统的房间侧复苏相反，母亲侧复苏允许母亲与新生婴儿交谈并触摸她的新生儿并帮助康复。现在可以使用允许这种方法的设备。母亲生下新生儿时，胎盘循环可以保持完整。这是在远离母亲的地方进行的，但与传统的房间侧复苏相反，母亲侧复苏允许母亲与新生婴儿交谈并触摸她的新生儿并帮助康复。现在可以使用允许这种方法的设备。母亲生下新生儿时，胎盘循环可以保持完整。这是在远离母亲的地方进行的，但与传统的房间侧复苏相反，母亲侧复苏允许母亲与新生婴儿交谈并触摸她的新生儿并帮助康复。现在可以使用允许这种方法的设备。母亲生下新生儿时，胎盘循环可以保持完整。

Perinatal care usually concentrates on the postpartum mother and her newborn infants. Reflecting this phenomenon, most perinatal care research has concentrated on the mother during the pregnancy and birthing experience, without the feelings and functions of the father. A qualitative study by Hsieh found that new parents begin to experience parenting anxiety from the moment their child is born. They collect the necessary to realize their ideal parenting roles using adjustments, tradeoffs, trial and error, and external assistance. Aside from confronting the needs of new mothers and newborn infants, postnatal care delivered by nurses and midwives need advantage of new fathers as well. For some men, the significance of being a father begins at childbirth.

Numerous studies have proved the efficacy of “kangaroo care” (skin-to-skin contact, SSC) in steadying the blood-oxygen level, body temperature, and breathing rate of neonates. Moreover, SSC reduces infant crying, enhances infant growth and development, stimulates early breastfeeding, increases lactation, and enhances the parent-child attachment relationship. Further, parental SSC with one's child that is performed with the intention of deepening attachment and emotional relationships has been shown to raise parental confidence toward child care. Activities, such as allowing new fathers to see the face of their newborn, hug or touch their newborn, and engage in SSC, facilitate the role transition of expectant fathers. The first instance of intimate contact between a father and his child creates self-awareness for the former—who is a key provider for the newborn—and may further catalyze feelings of affinity and protectiveness.

New fathers have been demonstrated not only to develop close emotional ties with their child 3 days postpartum, but also to invest and sustain a strong interest in him or her during this period. Consequently, skin-to-skin contact may help decrease parental anxiety and enhance the dependency relationship. More frequent interaction with his infant may indicate that a father is providing increased levels of positive parenting behavior as measured by the five facets: sensory stimulation, physical care, warmth, nurturing, and “fathering”. According to Mau and Huang, the father plays a pivotal role in terms of family functionality, childhood development, and child well-being. Children with positive father-child relationships may develop models of caregivers as trustworthy and supportive and later approach others with positive attitudes and expectations.

Postpartum father-neonate SSC engenders great feelings in the father for his newborn, enhances the infant's environmental stimulation, gives critical emotional support, and encourages the father to become actively involved in infant caring responsibilities. Touching, massaging, and hugging an infant as well as learning to respond appropriately to an infant's crying that help new fathers correctly interpret changes to infant appearance and behavior; give appropriate information; reduce parenthood discomfort and anxiety; better prepare for parenting role responsibilities; and enhance infant care confidence. Several studies affirm that early father-neonate contact not only fosters a close father-neonate relationship, but also hastens the development of paternal attachments. These benefits recommend that fathers may assume a bigger role in early postpartum parental touch when new mothers are physically weak.

如今，准爸爸积极参与分娩过程并与配偶或其他人一起回忆分娩经历是很常见的。本研究在产后住院期间对父亲及其新生儿实施了 SSC 干预，监测干预对父子依恋的效果。结果旨在作为参考，帮助产科病房工作人员和管理人员提供高质量、以家庭为中心的护理。

 

注：这项工作部分于2018年11月15日至17日在苏格兰爱丁堡举行的第26届新生儿学和围产期国际会议上发表