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Physiological and Immunological Functions and Therapeutic Importance of Probiotics in Allergic Diseases

Majid Eslami*, Masoud Keikha, Nazarii M. Kobyliak, Mohsen Karbalaei, Bahman Yousefi

Allergic diseases have been a global problem over the past few decades. The effect of allergic diseases on healthcare systems and society is generally remarkable and is considered as one of the most common causes of chronic and hospitalized disease. The functional ability of probiotics to modulate the innate/acquired immune system leads to the initiation of mucosal/systemic immune responses. Gut microbiota plays a beneficial role in food digestion, development of the immune system, control/growth of the intestinal epithelial cells and their differentiation. Prescribing probiotics causes a significant change in the intestinal microflora and modulate cytokine secretion, including networks of genes, TLRs, signaling molecules and increased intestinal IgA responses. The modulation of Th1/Th2 balance is done by probiotics, which suppresses Th2 responses with shifts to Th1 and thereby prevent allergies. In general, probiotics are associated with a decrease in inflammation by increasing butyrate production and induction of tolerance with an increase in the ratio of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10/IFN-γ, Treg/TGF-β, reducing serum eosinophil levels and the expression of metalloproteinase-9 which contribute to the improvement of the allergic disease's symptoms.